4th Semester Syllabus

Analog Electronics

• Unit-1.0: Diode circuits
  • Introduction: Example of an electronic system
  • Basic concept of signal
  • Noise etc.
  • P-N junction diode
  • I-V characteristics of a diode
  • Review of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers
  • Zener diodes
  • Clamping and clipping circuits
• Unit-2.0: BJT circuits
  • Structure and I-V characteristics of a BJT
  • BJT as a switch
  • BJT as an amplifier: small-signal model
  • Biasing circuits
  • Current mirror: Basic topology and its variants
  • V-I characteristics
  • Output resistance and minimum sustainable voltage (VON)
  • Maximum usable load
  • Generation of current source
  • Common-emitter
  • Common-base and common collector amplifiers
  • Small signal equivalent circuits
  • High-frequency equivalent circuits
  • Miller's theorem
• Unit-3.0: MOSFET circuits
  • MOSFET structure and I-V characteristics
  • MOSFET as a switch
  • MOSFET as an amplifier: small signal model and biasing circuits
  • Common-source
  • Common-gate and common-drain amplifiers
  • Small signal equivalent circuits-gain
  • Input and output impedances
  • Trans-conductance
  • High frequency equivalent circuit
• Unit-4.0: Differential, multi-stage and operational amplifiers
  • Voltage amplifier
  • Current amplifier
  • Trans-conductance amplifier and trans-resistance amplifier
  • Differential amplifier
  • Power amplifier
  • Direct coupled multi-stage amplifier
  • Internal structure of an operational amplifier
  • Ideal op-amp
  • Non-idealities in an op-amp (Output offset voltage, input bias current, input offset current, slew rate, gain bandwidth product)
  • Frequency Response of the amplifier
• Unit-5.0: Linear applications of op-amp
  • Idealized analysis of op-amp circuits
  • Inverting and non-inverting amplifier
  • Differential amplifier
  • Instrumentation amplifier
  • Integrator
  • Active filter
  • P
  • PI and PID controllers and lead/lag compensator using an op-amp
  • Voltage regulator
  • Feedback amplifiers and Oscillators design (Wein bridge and phase shift)
  • Multivibrators (astable, monostable & bistable)
  • Analog to Digital Conversion
• Unit-6.0: Nonlinear applications of op-amp
  • Hysteretic Comparator
  • Zero Crossing Detector
  • Square-wave and triangular-wave generators
  • Precision rectifier
  • Peak detector
  • Monoshot
  • Design of two-stage amplifier
  • Frequency compensation
  • Generalized structure of multistage amplifier

Text/Reference Books

1. A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, "Microelectronic Circuits", New York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
2. J. V. Wait, L. P. Huelsman and G. A. Korn, "Introduction to Operational Amplifier theory and applications", McGraw Hill U. S., 1992.
3. J. Millman and A. Grabel, "Microelectronics", McGraw Hill Education, 1988.
4. P. Horowitz and W. Hill, "The Art of Electronics", Cambridge University Press, 1989.
5. P.R. Gray, R.G. Meyer and S. Lewis, "Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits", John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
6. "Fundamentals of Microelectronics", B. Razavi, 2nd Edition.
7. "Microelectronic Circuits", A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, 7th Edition

Digital Signal Processing

• Unit-1.0: Discrete and Fast Fourier Transform
  • The discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
  • Sampling of the discrete time Fourier transform
  • Properties of the DFT
  • Linear convolution using the DFT
  • Fourier analysis of the signals using the DFT
  • Direct computation of the DFT
  • Decimation-in-time FFT algorithms
  • Decimation-in-frequency FFT algorithm
• Unit-2.0: Design of FIR filters
  • Design of FIR filters: FIR filters with linear phase
  • Design of FIR filters by windowing and frequency sampling
  • Design of some special FIR filters
  • Real Time Implementation of FIR filters
• Unit-3.0: Design of IIR filters
  • Design of IIR filters: Introduction to IIR filter design
  • Design of continuous time low pass filters
  • Butterworth
  • Chebyshev and Elliptic Approximations
  • Transformation of continuous time filters to discrete time filters
  • Design examples for low pass IIR filters
  • Frequency transformations of low pass filters
• Unit-4.0: Realisation of Digital filters
  • Realizations of Digital Filters-FIR filter structures: direct form
  • Cascade form
  • Linear-phase form
  • FIR Lattice structure
  • IIR filter structures: direct form-I
  • Direct form-II
  • Cascade form
  • Parallel form
  • All pole lattice structure
  • Lattice-ladder (pole-zero) lattice structure
• Unit-5.0: Multirate signal processing
  • Multirate signal processing: sampling rate conversion
  • Implementation of Multirate systems
  • Filter design for Multirate systems
  • Design of FIR Digital filters: Window method
  • Park-McClellan's method
  • Design of IIR Digital Filters: Low-pass
  • Band-pass
  • Band-stop and High pass filters
  • Effect of finite register length in FIR filter design
  • Parametric and non-parametric spectral estimation
  • Introduction to multi-rate signal processing
• Unit-6.0: Finite wordlength effects
  • Finite wordlength effects: Number representation
  • Statistical analysis of quantization error
  • Quantization of Fixed-point and Floating-point numbers
  • A/D and D/A conversion
  • A/D conversion noise analysis
  • Quantization of filter coefficients
  • Effects of finite wordlength on digital filters

Text/Reference Books

1. S. K. Mitra, "Digital Signal Processing: A computer based approach", McGraw Hill, 2011.
2. Tarun Kumar Rawat, "Digital Signal Processing", Oxford University Press.
3. A.V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, "Discrete Time Signal Processing", Prentice Hall, 1989.
4. J. G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, "Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms And Applications", Prentice Hall, 1997.
5. L. R. Rabiner and B. Gold, "Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing", Prentice Hall, 1992.
6. J. R. Johnson, "Introduction to Digital Signal Processing", Prentice Hall, 1992.
7. D. J. DeFatta, J. G. Lucas and W. S. Hodgkiss, "Digital Signal Processing", John Wiley & Sons, 1988.

Electrical Machine-I

• Unit-1.0: Basic Concept of Magnetic Circuits
  • Concepts of MMF
  • Flux and reluctance
  • Electromagnetic induction phenomenon
  • Magnetic Circuit and application
  • Elementary machine working principle as motor and generator
  • Magnetic curves and core losses
• Unit-2.0: Single-Phase Transformers
  • Constructional features of Ideal transformer and practical transformer
  • Principles of operation
  • Emf equation
  • Operation on load magnetizing and core loss components phasor diagrams
  • Equivalent circuit
  • Determination of its parameters from O.C and S.C tests
  • Per unit parameter values and their importance
  • Regulation
  • Efficiency
  • All-day efficiency expressions and calculations
  • Sumpner Test
• Unit-3.0: Three-Phase Transformers
  • Constructional features as a single unit and a bank of three units
  • Vector groups for various connections: Scott connection Open delta operation
  • Conversion from three-phase to one-phase
  • Two-phase
  • Multi-phase
  • Per-phase analysis
  • Tertiary winding
  • Parallel operation and load sharing
  • Types of Transformer: Auto Transformer (saving of copper -rating of autotransformers)
  • Pulse Transformer
  • Isolation Transformer
  • Grounding Transformer
  • Power transformer
  • Distribution transformer
• Unit-4.0: Basics of Electrical Rotating Machine
  • Electromechanical energy conversion Principle: Field energy and co-energy
  • Torque and force in singly excited and multiple excited electromechanical systems and applications
  • Windings: Types of winding in DC and AC Machine
  • MMF in field and armature Winding of machines
  • Working Principle: Elementary Machine
  • Torque generation in DC and AC Machine
  • Types of Losses and efficiency in rotating machine
• Unit-5.0: DC Machines- Construction and types
  • Armature windings simplex lap and wave windings
  • Pole pitch
  • Coil span
  • Winding pitch
  • Commutator pitch--equalizer ring connections-power flow diagram-numerical problems- dummy coils
  • Methods of setting brushes in DC machines
  • Basic construction of a DC machine
  • Magnetic structure stator yoke
  • Stator poles
  • Pole-faces or shoes
  • Air gap
  • Armature core
  • Commutation
  • Type of Commutation
  • Air gap flux density distribution
  • Armature MMF wave
  • Type of DC generators and motors
  • Methods of excitation separately excited
  • Shunt
  • Series and compound machines
  • Induced EMF: EMF equations- electromagnetic torque- numerical problems
  • Derivation of the back EMF equation and torque equation
  • Armature Reaction
  • Demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing armature MMF
  • Variation with brush position
  • Compensating winding
  • Interpoles- numerical problems
• Unit-6.0: DC Machine - Operation & Performance
  • Armature circuit equation for DC Motor and DC Generator
  • Types of field excitations
  • Open circuit characteristic of DC Generator
  • Voltage build-up in a DC Generator
  • Critical field resistance
  • Critical speed
  • V-I characteristics and torque-speed characteristics of DC Motors
  • DC Motor Speed Control
  • Testing of DC motors -Swinburne's test
  • Hopkinson's test and retardation test
  • Calculation of losses and efficiency
  • DC motor applications
  • Parallel operation - parallel operation of shunt series and compound generations
  • Starting of DC motors- starters -2 point
  • 3point and 4 point starters
  • Speed control of DC motors field control
  • Armature control
  • Braking of DC motors- Power flow diagram - losses and efficiency

Text/Reference Books

1. Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, P.C. Sen, 2nd Edition, 2007, Wiley Publication
2. Electrical Machinery, A. E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, S. D. Umans; 6th Edition, 2003, Tata McGraw-Hill
3. AC Machines: Puchstein, Lloyd &Hunte
4. Electrical Machinery, P. S. Bimbhra, Khanna Publishers
5. Electric Machines, I. J. Nagrath& D. P. Kothari, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication

Microprocessor and Microcontroller

• Unit-1.0: Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
  • Fundamentals of Microprocessor Architecture
  • 8-bitMicroprocessor and Microcontroller architecture
  • Comparison of 8-bit microcontrollers
  • 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers
  • Definition of embedded system and its characteristics
  • Role of microcontrollers in embedded Systems
  • Overview of the 8051 family
• Unit-2.0: The 8086 Microprocessor
  • Introduction to 8086 Microprocessor
  • Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor
  • Addressing modes of 8086
  • Instruction set of 8086
  • Assembler directives
  • Simple assembly language programs
  • Procedures
  • Macros
  • Pin diagram of 8086-Minimum mode and maximum mode of operation
• Unit-3.0: The 8051 Architecture
  • Internal Block Diagram
  • CPU
  • ALU
  • Address
  • Data and control bus
  • Working registers
  • SFRs
  • Clock and RESET circuits
  • Stack and Stack Pointer
  • Program Counter
  • I/O ports
  • Memory Structures
  • Data and Program Memory
  • Timing diagrams and Execution Cycles
• Unit-4.0: The 8051 Instruction Set and Programming
  • Addressing modes: Introduction
  • Instruction syntax
  • Data types
  • Subroutines Immediate addressing
  • Register addressing
  • Direct addressing
  • Indirect addressing
  • Relative addressing
  • Indexed addressing
  • Bit inherent addressing
  • Bit direct addressing
  • 8051 Instruction set
  • Instruction timings
  • Data transfer instructions
  • Arithmetic instructions
  • Logical instructions
  • Branch instructions
  • Subroutine instructions
  • Bit manipulation instruction
  • Assembly language programs
  • C language programs
  • Assemblers and compilers
  • Programming and debugging tools
• Unit-5.0: The 8051 Memory and I/O Interfacing
  • Memory and I/O expansion buses
  • Control signals
  • Memory wait states
  • Interfacing of peripheral devices such as General Purpose I/O
  • ADC
  • DAC
  • Timers
  • Counters
  • Memory devices
  • Keyboard and display devices
  • Interfacing of sensors
  • Transducers
  • Actuators
  • Data acquisition systems
  • Standard Interfaces - RS232
  • USB
  • Development aids and troubleshooting techniques
  • Programmable Interrupt and DMA controllers
• Unit-6.0: External Communication Interface
  • Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication
  • RS232
  • SPI
  • I2C
  • Introduction and interfacing to protocols like Blue-tooth and Zig-bee

Text/Reference Books

1. M. A.Mazidi, J. G. Mazidi and R. D. McKinlay, "The8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C", Pearson Education, 2007.
2. K. J. Ayala, "8051 Microcontroller", Delmar Cengage Learning, 2004.
3. R. Kamal, "Embedded System", McGraw HillEducation, 2009.
4. R. S. Gaonkar, ", Microprocessor Architecture: Programming and Applications with the 8085", Penram International Publishing, 1996
5. D.A. Patterson and J.H. Hennessy, "Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software interface", Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 2013.
6. D. V. Hall, "Microprocessors & Interfacing", McGraw Hill Higher Education, 1991.

Engineering Mechanics

• Unit-1.0: Fundamentals of Mechanics
  • Overview of engineering mechanics
  • Vector and scalar quantities
  • Units of physical quantities
  • Dimensions of physical quantities
  • Units and Dimensions
  • Dimensional analysis
• Unit-2.0: Force Systems and Equilibrium
  • Force Systems Basic Concepts
  • Particle Equilibrium in 2-D & 3-D
  • Rigid Body Equilibrium
  • System of Forces: oplanar Concurrent Forces
  • Components in Space
  • Resultant and Moment of Forces and its Application
  • Couples and Resultant of Force System
  • Free Body Diagrams
  • Equations of Equilibrium of Coplanar Systems and Spatial Systems
• Unit-3.0: Friction and Structural Analysis
  • Types of Friction: Limiting
  • Static
  • Dynamic
  • Laws of Friction
  • Motion of Bodies and Wedge Friction
  • Equilibrium in Three Dimensions
  • Method of Sections and Method of Joints
  • Tension and Compression in Members
  • Simple Trusses
  • Zero Force Members
  • Beams
  • Types of Beams
  • Frames and Machines
• Unit-4.0: Centroid, Centre of Gravity, and Moment of Inertia
  • Centroid of Simple Figures from First Principle
  • Centroid of Composite Sections
  • Centre of Gravity and Its Implications
  • Area Moment of Inertia: Definition and Theorems Moment of Inertia of Plane Sections
  • Standard Sections
  • Composite Sections
  • Mass Moment Inertia of Circular Plate
  • Cylinder
  • Cone
  • Sphere
  • Hook
• Unit-5.0: Virtual Work, Energy Method, and Particle Dynamics
  • Virtual Displacements and Principle of Virtual Work
  • Degrees of Freedom and Active Force Diagram
  • Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
  • Energy Equation for Equilibrium
  • Applications of Energy Method for Equilibrium
  • Stability of Equilibrium
  • Review of Particle Dynamics: Rectilinear and Plane Curvilinear Motion
  • Relative and Constrained Motion
  • Newton's 2nd Law Work-Kinetic Energy
  • Power
  • Potential Energy Impulse-Momentum and Impact
• Unit-6.0: Kinetics of Rigid Bodies
  • Introduction to Kinetics of Rigid Bodies Basic Terms and General Principles in Dynamics Types of Motion and Instantaneous Centre of Rotation in Plane Motion Simple Problems D'Alembert's Principle and Its Applications in Plane Motion and Connected Bodies Work-Energy Principle and Its Application in Plane Motion of Connected Bodies Kinetics of Rigid Body Rotation

Text/Reference Books

1. Engineering Mechanics statics and dynamics R. C. Hibbeler Pearson Publication, 12th Edition. ISBN-10:0-13-814929-1 ISBN-13:978-0-13-814929-1
2. Engineering Mechanics statics and dynamics, J. L. Meriam and L. G. Craige, John Willey and Son's publication. 9th Edition. ISBN: 978-1-119-39098-5
3. Engineering Mechanics, S. P. Timoshenko, D. H. Young, J. V. Rao & S.Pati, McGraw-Hill publication, 5th Edition ISBN-10:9781259062667
4. Engineering Mechanics statics and dynamics, A. K. Dhiman, P. Dhiman & D. Kulshreshtha, McGraw-Hill publication ISBN-10:9789339219178

NPTEL-I (Open Course)

NPTEL (Open Course) Guidelines

NPTEL (Open Course) should be taken from the course other than core subjects of the branch.