4th Semester Syllabus
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Credits Table
| Course Title | L | T | P | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits [104401] | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Digital Circuits [104402] | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Electromagnetic Field Theory [104403] | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| Analog Communication [104404] | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Electronics Materials and Instrumentation [104405] | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| NPTEL-I (Open Course) [104406] | 12 Weeks | 3 | ||
| Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits Lab [104401P] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Digital Circuits Lab [104402P] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Analog Communication Lab [104404P] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Electronics Materials and Instrumentation Lab [104405P] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| TOTAL | 23 | |||
Theory Subjects
Lab Subjects
Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits
- Unit 1.0: Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier Circuits
- Small signal operation
- Hybrid and re model
- Frequency response analysis in different configurations
- High frequency analysis of BJT
- Miller effect
- Analysis of Multistage amplifier
- Frequency response of cascaded stages
- Cascode amplifier
- Darlington amplifier
- Unit 2.0: Field Effect Transistor Amplifier Circuits
- Small signal operation
- Frequency response analysis in different configurations
- High frequency model of the MOSFET
- High frequency response of CS and CE amplifiers
- Unit 3.0: Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators
- Classification and representation of amplifiers
- Feedback concept
- General Characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers
- Properties of feedback amplifier topologies
- Oscillators: Sinusoidal oscillators
- Barkhausen Criterion
- Analysis and design of RC phase shift oscillator
- Wien bridge oscillators
- Resonant circuit oscillators
- General form of oscillator circuit (Hartley & Colpitts)
- Crystal oscillators
- Unit 4.0: Power Amplifier
- Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
- Transformer coupled Class A Amplifier
- Class B amplifier Circuit and Operation
- Amplifier Distortion
- Push-Pull and Complementary Push-Pull Amplifiers
- Power Transistor Heat Sinking
- Class C and Class D Amplifier
- Unit 5.0: Operational Amplifier
- Ideal Operational Amplifier characteristics
- General operational amplifier stages and internal circuit diagrams of IC 741
- DC and AC performance characteristics
- Frequency response of OP-Amp
- Applications of OP-Amp- Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifier
- V to I and I to V converter
- Logarithmic amplifier
- Antilogarithmic amplifier
- Instrumentation amplifier
- Unit 6.0: Application of Op-Amp and Special ICs
- Comparator
- Schmitt Trigger
- 555 Timer
- Multivibrators
- Precision rectifier
- First and Second Order Active Filters
- Voltage Controlled Oscillator (IC 566)
- Phase Lock Loop (IC 565)
- LM 3805
- IC8038
Text/Reference Books
- Roy Choudhury. D., Shail Jain, "Linear Integrated Circuits", New Age International Publications, 4th Edition, 2010.
- Sergio Franco, "Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits", 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007.
- Integrated devices & circuits by Millman & Halkias.
- Electronic Devices & circuit theory by R. Boylestad.
- Microelectronics by Sedra and Smith, Oxford University Press
Digital Circuits
- Unit 1.0: Number System
- Binary Codes: BCD code
- Excess-3 code
- Gray-code
- Complements: Signed magnitude
- R's complement
- (r-1)'s complement
- Unit 2.0: Boolean Laws and Theorems
- Logic Gate: Basic
- Universal and Others
- Truth TableLogic Functions
- Conversion of Logic Functions into truth table and vice versa
- SOP and POS forms of Representation
- Canonical form
- Minterm and maxterms
- Simplification of Logic Functions by Theorems and Karnaugh's Map
- Don't Care Conditions
- Unit 3.0: Combinational Circuits
- Adders: Half Adder
- Full Adder
- Parallel Adder
- Carry Look ahead Adder
- Subtractors: Half subtractor
- Full subtractor
- Multiplexer: 2x1
- 4x1 and design of 8x1 multiplexer
- Demultiplexer
- Decoder
- Encoder and comparator
- Unit 4.0: Sequential Circuit
- Latches
- Flip-Flops SR
- JK
- D and T Flip Flop
- Race around Condition
- Master-Slave flip flop
- Shift Registers
- Counters- Synchronous and Asynchronous: Design of Ripple Counter
- Finite state machines
- Unit 5.0: Data Converter
- Digital to Analog Converter
- Binary-Weighted Resistors DAC
- R-2R Ladder DAC
- Analog to digital converters
- Counter types ADC
- Successive Approximation ADC
- Dual Slope ADC
- Flash ADC
- Unit 6.0: Logic Families & Semiconductor Memories
- Characteristics of Digital ICs: Propagation delay
- Power dissipation
- Figure of Merit
- Fan-out
- Noise immunity
- Wired-logic capability
- Transistor-Transistor Logic
- Emitter-Coupled Logic
- MOS Logic
- CMOS Logic
- Transmission Gate
- Comparison between logic families RAM
- ROM
- PLA
- PAL
- Circuit Implementation using ROM
- PLA and PAL
Text/Reference Books
- M. Morris Mano and M. D. Ciletti, "Digital Design", Pearson Education.
- David J. Comer, "Digital Logic & State Machine Design", Oxford University Press.
- RP Jain, "Modern Digital Electronics", Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
- A Anand Kumar Fundamental of digital circuits PHI 4th edition
Electromagnetic Field Theory
- Unit 1.0: Vector Calculus and Coordinate System
- Introduction to Vector Algebra
- Coordinate Systems (rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical) and Transformation
- Vector calculus-differentiation
- Partial differentiation
- Integration
- Vector operator del
- Gradient
- Divergence
- And curl
- Integral theorems of vectors
- Unit 2.0: Electrostatics
- Coulomb's law
- Gauss's law and its applications
- Electric field intensity
- Electrical field due to point charges
- Line
- Surface and Volume charge distributions
- Absolute Electric potential
- Potential difference
- Calculation of potential differences for different configurations
- Poisson's and Laplace's equation
- Applications (solution for some simple cases)
- Capacitance
- Electrostatic energy
- Conductor properties and Uniqueness Theorem
- Unit 3.0: Magnetostatics
- Biot-Savart law
- Ampere's circuital law
- Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
- Energy stored in magnetic field
- Ampere's force law
- Magnetic vector potential
- Analogy between electric and magnetic field
- Maxwell's equations in differential and integral form
- Unit 4.0: Maxwell's Equations and Time-Varying Field
- Faraday's law
- Transformer and motional EMF
- Displacement current
- Maxwell's equations in time static and time varying field
- Time harmonic field
- Dielectric and Magnetic boundary condition
- Unit 5.0: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Different
Media
- Uniform Plane Wave Propagation
- Wave Propagation in Free Space
- Dielectric and Conductor
- Skin Effect
- Wave Polarization
- Plane of incidence
- Reflection of Plane wave (at normal and oblique) for conductor and dielectric
- Surface Impedance
- Poynting Vector: Poynting Theorem
- Instantaneous
- Average and Complex Poynting Vector
- Power Loss in Plane Conductor
- Unit 6.0: Transmission Lines
- Introduction
- Concept of distributed elements
- Equations of voltage and current
- Standing waves and Reflection Coefficient
- Lossless and low-loss transmission lines
- Power transfer on a transmission line
- Transmission line calculations with the help of Smith chart
- Applications of transmission line
- Impedance matching using transmission lines
Text/Reference Books
- Matthew N.O. Sadiku: "Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics" Oxford University Press.
- Engineering Electromagnetics by William Hayt, TATA McGraw-Hill.
- Narayana Rao, N: "Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics", Pearson Education.
- Electromagnetics, JD Kraus, McGraw-Hill.
Analog Communication
- Unit 1.0: Introduction to Communication Systems
- Basic components of communication systems
- Types of communication: Analog vs. Digital
- Bandwidth requirements and frequency spectrum and Modulation and its necessity
- Unit 2.0: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Systems
- Principles of amplitude modulation
- AM
- DSB-SC
- SSB
- And VSB modulation techniques
- Generation and detection of AM and DSB
- AM waveforms and frequency spectrum
- Modulation index and power relations and AM transmitters and receivers
- Unit 3.0: Angle Modulation
- FM and PM
- Transmission FM spectra
- Carson 's rule
- Narrow band
- And wide band FM Generation of FM by Direct Methods
- Indirect Generation of FM
- The Armstrong Method
- Direct Methods of Frequency Demodulation
- Slope Detector
- Foster Seely or Phase Discriminator
- Indirect methods of FM Demodulation
- FM Detector using PLL
- Comparison of FM and PM
- Unit 4.0: Receivers
- Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver
- Basic Elements of AM Super-heterodyne receiver
- RF Amplifiers Characteristics Sensitivity
- Selectivity
- Image Frequency Rejection
- Mixers Tracking and Alignment
- Local Oscillator
- IF Amplifier
- AGC
- AM Receiver using Transistors Communication Receiver
- FM Receiver
- Unit 5.0: Noise in Communication Systems
- Types of noise: thermal
- Shot
- And flicker noise
- Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and its impact on system performance
- Noise figure and noise temperature and Noise in AM and FM systems Pre emphasis and de-emphasis
- Unit 6.0: Pulse Modulation Technique
- Pulse Modulation techniques - Sampling Process
- PAM
- PWM and PPM concepts
- Methods of generation and detection
- Noise performance
Text/Reference Books
- Electronic communication systems by George Kennedy.
- Principle of communication systems by Taub and schilling.
- B. P. Lathi and Z. Ding, "Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems", 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2009.
- J. G. Proakis, and M. Salehi, 'Fundamentals of Communication Systems', Fifteenth Impression, Pearson Education Inc., India, 2013.
Electronics Materials and Instrumentation
- Unit 1.0: Electronic Materials
- Atomic structure and bonding in materials
- Crystal structure of materials
- Crystal systems
- Unit cells and space lattices
- Determination of structures of simple crystals by X-ray diffraction
- Miller indices of planes and directions
- Packing geometry in Metallic
- Ionic and Covalent solids
- Concept of amorphous
- Single and polycrystalline structures and their effect on properties of materials
- Insulator
- Semiconductor
- And conductor
- Unit 2.0: Electronic Material Properties
- Polarization
- Dielectric constant at low frequency & high frequency
- Dielectric loss
- Piezoelectricity & Ferroelectricity
- Origin of magnetism in metallic and ceramic materials
- Para magnetism
- Diamagnetism
- Antiferromagnetism
- Ferromagnetism
- Ferrimagnetism
- Magnetic hysteresis
- Influence of temperature on magnetic behavior
- Domains and Hysteresis
- Superconductors
- Meissner effect
- Applications
- Unit 3.0: Measurement and Error
- Sensitivity
- Resolution
- Accuracy and Precision
- Absolute and Relative types of errors
- Statistical analysis
- Probability of Limiting errors
- Linearity
- Instruments: Current and Resistance in instruments
- Analog and Digital Multimeters
- Measurement of time and Frequency - Digital Frequency Meter and applications
- Unit 4.0: Impedance Measurement
- Kelvin Bridge
- Megger
- Maxwell
- Hay and Sheering Bridges
- Q-meter
- Noise and Interference reduction techniques in Measurement Systems
- Wave Analyzer
- Spectrum Analyzer
- FFT Analyzer
- Oscilloscopes: Pulse Measurements
- Delayed Time Base
- Analog Storage
- Sampling and Digital Storage Oscilloscopes
- Unit 5.0: Transducers
- Classification and selection of Transducers
- Introduction to Strain
- Load
- Force
- Displacement
- Velocity
- Acceleration
- Pressure and Temperature Measurements
- Introduction to Smart sensors and MEMS
- Unit 6.0: Introduction to Data Acquisition Systems (DAS)
- Block Diagram
- Specifications and various components of DAS
- Applications of DAS in various fields
Text/Reference Books
- Bell DA, "Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements," Prentice Hall2.
- Sawhney A.K., "Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation," Dhanpat Rai and Sons.
- "Solid State Physics", by Kittel, McGraw Hill.
- "Principles of Electric Engineering Materials & Devices", by S.O. Kasp, Mc- Graw Hill.
- "Structure & properties of materials (VOL VI), Electronic Properties", by Robert M. Rose, Lawrence A. Shepherd & John Wulf, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
NPTEL-I (Open Course)
- NPTEL (Open Course) Guidelines:
- NPTEL (Open Course) should be taken from the course other than core subjects of the branch.
Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits Lab
Perform all Experiments
- Study of single stage RC coupled amplifier. Its frequency response and effect of emitter bypass capacitor.
- (a) Design of a first order RC Low Pass filter circuit & observing its frequency response
and time response.
(b) Design of a first order RC high pass filter circuit & observing its frequency response and time response. - Study of class B push-pull amplifier
- Study inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier and voltage follower using op amp IC741.
- (a) To measure slew rate of Op-Amp, (b) To measure full-power & unity gain bandwidth of Op-Amp
- Application to Op-Amp (a) adder, (b) subtractor, (c) integrator and differentiator using op-amp IC741and observe output waveform for different input waveform.
- To study the performance of instrumentation amplifier using op-amp IC741.
- To study RC phase-shift oscillators using op-amp IC741.
- To study the Wien-bridge oscillators using op-amp IC741.
- To study Schmitt trigger circuits using op-amp IC741
Digital Circuits Lab
Perform all Experiments
- To Implement Logic Gates NAND, AND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR - Construct and test the fundamental logic gates using digital ICs and verify their truth tables by applying various input combinations.
- To Construct the Basic Gates Using Universal Gates - Design and implement AND, OR, and NOT gates using only NAND and NOR gates and validate their functionality with truth table verification.
- To Verify the Truth Table of Half Adder and Full Adder - Implement half adder and full adder circuits using logic gates, observe their outputs for different binary inputs, and confirm their addition properties.
- To Verify the Truth Table of Half and Full Subtractor - Construct and test the half subtractor and full subtractor circuits, analyze their outputs for various input conditions, and verify their correctness against theoretical truth tables.
- To Convert Binary Numbers to Gray-Number Codes and Vice Versa - Develop and test a combinational circuit that converts binary numbers to gray code and vice versa, ensuring correctness through truth table validation.
- To Verify the Truth Table of Multiplexer Using IC & Demultiplexer Using IC and Design Full Adder & Full Subtractor Using Multiplexer - Demonstrate the working of multiplexer and demultiplexer ICs, verify their functionality with truth tables, and use multiplexers to design a full adder and full subtractor.
- To Convert a Given Octal Input to the Binary Output and to Study the LED Display Using 7-Segment Decoder/Driver - Implement a logic circuit that converts octal numbers to binary and analyze the working of the decoder by displaying outputs on a 7-segment display.
- Truth Table Verification of Flip-Flops: (a) JK Master-Slave, (b) D-Type, (c) T-Type - Construct and test different types of flip-flops, observe their state changes for various input conditions, and verify their characteristic equations.
- Design and Testing of Ring Counter/Johnson Counter - Design, implement, and analyze the working of ring and Johnson counters, verify their sequence of outputs, and compare them with theoretical predictions.
- Realize the following shift registers using IC7474/IC 7495.
(a) SISO
(b) SIPO
(c) PISO
(d) PIPO
Analog Communication Lab
Perform all Experiments
- To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under modulation, perfect modulation & over modulation) and calculate the modulation index.
- To study the working of the Balanced Modulator and demodulator.
- To generate SSB using phase method and detection of SSB signal using Synchronous detector.
- To study the process of frequency modulation and demodulation and calculate the depth of modulation by varying the modulating voltage.
- To verify the spectrum of AM and FM signals using spectrum analyzer.
- To study the frequency response of Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis circuits.
- To study the frequency division multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques.
- To study the Pulse amplitude modulation & demodulation Techniques.
- To study the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation Techniques.
- To study the generation Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) and Demodulation.
Electronics Materials and Instrumentation Lab
Perform any ten Experiments
- Measurement of the Hall voltage developed across the sample material and estimation of the Hall coefficient.
- Calculate the carrier concentration of the sample material (n-type and p-type semiconductor).
- Characteristics of LDR, Photodiode, and Phototransistor.
- Study the phenomena of magnetic hysteresis of a material.
- Calculate the retentivity, coercivity, and saturation magnetization of a material.
- Measurement of the resistivity of a semiconductor at room temperature.
- Verification of the temperature coefficient of resistance of a semiconductor and metal.
- Measurement of an unknown Inductance of medium-Q coil using Maxwell Bridge.
- Measurement of Frequency using Wein's Bridge.
- Measurement of R, L, & C using RLC Bridge.
- Measurement of Displacement using LVDT.
- Measurement of Pressure using Strain Gauge.
- Measurement of Temperature using RTD, Thermistor and Thermocouple.
- Perform actuations using the Pneumatic Actuator Trainer.
- Calibration of pressure instruments using dead weight pressure gauge tester.